Elizabeth B. Rand, MD

2021

Gavazzi F, Cross ZM, Woidill S, McMann JM, Rand EB, Takanohashi A, Ulrick N,Shults J, Vanderver AL, Adang L.: Hepatic Involvement in Aicardi-GoutièresSyndrome. Neuropediatrics.  2021.

Kanneganti M, Xu Y, Huang YS, Kitt E, Fisher BT, Abt PL, Rand EB, Schaubel DE, Bittermann T.: Center Variability in Acute Rejection and BiliaryComplications After Pediatric Liver Transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2021.

Keating BJ, Mukhtar EH, Elftmann ED, Eweje FR, Gao H, Ibrahim LI, KathawateRG, Lee AC, Li EH, Moore KA, Nair N, Chaluvadi V, Reason J, Zanoni F, HonkalaAT, Al-Ali AK, Abdullah Alrubaish F, Ahmad Al-Mozaini M, Al-Muhanna FA, Al-Romaih K, Goldfarb SB, Kellogg R, Kiryluk K, Kizilbash SJ, Kohut TJ, Kumar J, O'Connor MJ, Rand EB, Redfield RR, Rolnik B, Rossano J, Sanchez PG, Alavi A, Bahmani A, Bogu GK, Brooks AW, Metwally AA, Mishra T, Marks SD, Montgomery RA, Fishman JA, Amaral S, Jacobson PA, Wang M, Snyder MP.: Early detection of SARS-CoV-2 and other infections in solid organ transplant recipients and household members using wearable devices. Transpl Int 2021.

Mancilla EE, Zielonka B, Roizen JD, Dodds KM, Rand EB, Heimall JR, Chen F, Wu C, Goldberg DJ, Rychik J.: Growth in Children with a Fontan Circulation. JPediatr 2021.

Mataya l, Srinivasan J, Rand EB, Alcamo, A: Multiple organ involvement and ICU considerations for the care of acute liver failure (ALF) and acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) in children. Translational Pediatrics 2021.

2020

Adeyemi A, States L, Wann L, Lin HC, Rand EB: Biliary Excretion Noted on Hepatobiliary Iminodiacetic Acid Scan Does Not Exclude Diagnosis of Biliary Atresia.  J Pediatr 2020.

Feng S, Bucuvalas JC, Mazariegos GV, Magee JC, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Spain KM, Lesniak A, Kanaparthi S, Perito E, Venkat VL, Burrell BE, Alonso EM, Bridges ND, Doo E, Gupta NA, Himes RW, Ikle D, Jackson AM, Lobritto SJ, Jose Lozano J, Martinez M, Ng VL, Rand EB, Sherker AH, Sundaram SS, Turmelle YP, Wood-Trageser M, Demetris AJ: Efficacy and Safety of Immunosuppression Withdrawal in Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients: Moving Towards Personalized Management. Hepatology 2020.

Scott J Weinreb 1, Kathryn M Dodds 1, Danielle S Burstein 1, Jing Huang 2, Elizabeth B Rand 3, Edna Mancilla 4, Jennifer R Heimall 5, Michael G McBride 1, Stephen M Paridon 1, David J Goldberg 1, Jack Rychik 1: End-Organ Function and Exercise Performance in Patients With Fontan Circulation: What Characterizes the High Performers? J Am Heart Assoc 15, 2020.

2019

Wehrman A, Waisbourd-Zinman O, Shah A, Hilmara D, Lin H, Rand EB. Steroid Free Treatment of Autoimmune Hepatitis in Selected Children. J Pediatr. 2019 Apr;207:244-247 PMID: 30723013

2018

Gurnaney HG, Cook-Sather SD, Shaked A, Olthoff KM, Rand EB, Lingappan AM, Rehman MA.  Extubation in the operating room after pediatric liver transplant: A retrospective cohort study.  Paediatr Anaesth. 2018 Feb;28(2):174-178. doi: 10.1111/pan.13313. Epub 2018 Jan 8.  PMID: 2931600

Waisbourd-Zinman O, Shah A, Lin HC, Rand EB  Splenic Rupture in Children With Portal Hypertension. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018 Mar;66(3):447-450. PMID: 29470319

2017

Goldberg DJ, Surrey LF, Glatz AC, Dodds K, O'Byrne ML, Lin HC, Fogel M, Rome JJ, Rand EB, Russo P, Rychik J.   Hepatic Fibrosis Is Universal Following Fontan Operation, and Severity is Associated With Time From Surgery: A Liver Biopsy and Hemodynamic Study.  J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 Apr 26;6(5). pii: e004809. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.004809.  PMID:28446492

Saubermann LJ, Deneau M, Falcone RA, Murray KF, Ali S, Kohli R, Ekong UD, Valentino PL, Grossman AB, Rand EB, Jonas MM, Saeed SA, Kamath BM.  Hepatic Issues and Complications Associated With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Clinical Report From the NASPGHAN Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Hepatology Committees.  J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017 Apr;64(4):639-652. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001492. PMID: 27984347

Surrey LF, Russo P, Rychik J, Goldberg DJ, Dodds K, O'Byrne ML, Glatz AC, Rand EB, Lin HC.  Defining the role of liver biopsy in the assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with Fontan circulation-reply Hum Pathol. 2017 Jun 8. pii: S0046-8177(17)30213-7. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.04.029. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 28603067

Daniels CJ, Bradley EA, Landzberg MJ, Aboulhosn J, Beekman RH 3rd, Book W, Gurvitz M, John A, John B, Marelli A, Marino BS, Minich LL, Poterucha JJ, Rand EB, Veldtman GR Fontan-Associated Liver Disease: Proceedings from the American College of Cardiology Stakeholders Meeting, October 1 to 2, 2015, Washington DC.  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Dec 26;70(25):3173-3194. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.045  PMID: 2928929

2016

Shneider BL, Magee JC, Karpen SJ, Rand EB, Narkewicz MR, Bass LM, Schwarz K, Whitington PF, Bezerra JA, Kerkar N, Haber B, Rosenthal P, Turmelle YP, Molleston JP, Murray KF, Ng VL, Wang KS, Romero R, Squires RH, Arnon R, Sherker AH, Moore J, Ye W, Sokol RJ; Childhood Liver Disease Research Network (ChiLDReN). Total Serum Bilirubin within 3 Months of Hepatoportoenterostomy  Predicts Short-Term Outcomes in Biliary Atresia.   J Pediatr. 2016 Mar;170:211-7.e1-2.

Surrey LF, Russo P, Rychik J, Goldberg DJ, Dodds K, O'Byrne ML, Glatz AC, Rand EB, Lin HC.  Prevalence and characterization of fibrosis in surveillance liver biopsies of patients with Fontan circulation.  Hum Pathol. 2016 Nov;57:106-115. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.07.006.PMID: 27476041

2015

Schwartz MC, Glatz AC, Daniels K, Goldberg DJ, Rand E, Epelman MS, Cohen MS. Hepatic Abnormalities Are Present Before and Early After the Fontan Operation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015 Sep 4. pii: S0003-4975(15)01107-8. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.06.071. [Epub ahead of print. PMID: 26343976]

2013

Schwartz MC, Sullivan LM, Glatz AC, Rand E, Russo P, Goldberg DJ, Rome JJ, Cohen MS.  Portal and Sinusoidal Fibrosis are Common on Liver Biopsy After Fontan Surgery.  Pediatr Cardiol. 2013 Jan;34(1):135-42

Squires RH, Dhawan A, Alonso E, Narkewicz MR, Shneider BL, Rodriguez-Baez N, Olio DD, Karpen S, Bucuvalas J, Lobritto S, Rand E, Rosenthal P, Horslen S, Ng V, Subbarao G, Kerkar N, Rudnick D, James Lopez M, Schwarz K, Romero R, Elisofon S, Doo E, Robuck PR, Lawlor S, Belle SH; for the Pediatric Acute Liver Failure Study Group.  Intravenous N-acetylcysteine in pediatric patients with non-acetaminophen acute liver failure: A placebo-controlled clinical trial.  Hepatology. 2013 Apr;57(4):1542-9

Mohammad S, Grimberg A, Rand E, Anand R, Yin W, Alonso EM; Studies of Pediatric Liver Transplantation Research Consortium. Long-term linear growth and puberty in pediatric liver transplant recipients.  J Pediatr. 2013 Nov;163(5):1354-60.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.06.039. Epub 2013 Aug 2

Rychik J, Goldberg D, Rand E, Semeao E, Russo P, Dori Y, Dodds K.  End-organ consequences of the Fontan operation: liver fibrosis, protein-losing enteropathy and plastic bronchitis.  Cardiol Young. 2013 Dec;23(6):831-40. doi: 10.1017/S1047951113001650.

Patel RR, Hodinka RL, Kajon AE, Klieger S, Oikonomopoulou Z, Petersen H, Rand E, Attiyeh EF, Fisher BT.  A Case of Adenovirus Viremia in a Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipient With Neutropenia and Lymphopenia: Who and When Should We Treat?   J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2015 Mar;4(1):e1-5. doi: 10.1093/jpids/pit081. Epub 2013 Dec 10

2012

Schwartz MC, Sullivan L, Cohen MS, Russo P, John AS, Guo R, Guttenberg Ma, Rand EB: Hepatic pathology may develop before the Fontan operation in children with functional single ventricle: an autopsy study. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 143(4): 904-9, Apr 2012.

Kamath Binita M, Yin Wanrong, Miller Heather, Anand Ravinder, Rand Elizabeth B, Alonso Estella, Bucuvalas John: Outcomes of liver transplantation in alagille syndrome: The split experience. Liver Transplantation 18(8): 940-948, August 2012.

Cui R, Fayek SA, Rand EB, Feygin T, Khrichenko D, Shaked A: Central pontine myelinolysis: a case report and clinical-pathological review. Pediatric Transplantation 16(6): E251-6, Sept 2012.

Rychik J, Veldtman G, Rand E, Russo P, Rome JJ, Krok K, Goldberg DJ, Cahill AM, Wells RG: The Precarious State of the Liver After a Fontan Operation: Summary of a Multidisciplinary Symposium. Pediatr Cardiol 33(7): 1001-12, Oct 2012.

Akimova T, Kamath BM, Goebel J W, Meyers KEC, Rand EB, Hawkins A, Levine MH, Bucuvalas JC, Hancock WW: Differing effects of rapamycin or calcineurin inhibitor on T-regulatory cells in pediatric liver and kidney transplant recipients. American Journal of Transplantation 12(12): 3449-61, Dec 2012.

Goldberg DJ, Dodds K, Avitabile CM, Glatz AC, Brodsky JL, Semeao EJ, Rand EB, Mancilla EE, Rychik J: Children With Protein-Losing Enteropathy After the Fontan Operation Are at Risk for Abnormal Bone Mineral Density. Pediatric Cardiology 33(8), Dec 2012.

Ruebner R L, Reese P P, Denburg M R, Rand E B, Abt P L, Furth S L: Risk factors for end-stage kidney disease after pediatric liver transplantation. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 12(12): 3398-405, Dec 2012.

Cárdenas Agustín M, Epelman Monica, Darge Kassa, Rand Elizabeth B, Anupindi Sudha A: Pre- and postoperative imaging of the Rex shunt in children: what radiologists should know. AJR. American journal of roentgenology 198(5): 1032-7, May 2012.

2011

Cui R, Fayek SA, Rand EB, Feygin T, Khrichenko D, Shaked A. Central pontine myelinolysis: a case report and clinical-pathological review. Pediatr Transplant.  Epub 2011 Oct 24. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2011.01591.x. Cited in PubMed; PMID 22023701.

Schwartz MC, Sullivan L, Cohen MS, Russo P, John AS, Guo R, et al. Hepatic pathology may develop before the Fontan operation in children with functional single ventricle: an autopsy study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. Epub 2011 Sep 26. Cited in PubMed; PMID 21955477.

Mendizabal M, Reddy KR, Cassuto J, Olthoff KM, Faust TW, Makar GA, et al. Liver transplantation in patients with cystic fibrosis: analysis of United Network for Organ Sharing data. Liver Transpl. 2011 Mar; 17(3):243-50. doi: 10. 1002/lt22240. Cited in PubMed; PMID 21384506.

2010

Bunin N, Guzikowski V, Rand ER, Goldfarb S, Baluarte J, Meyers K, et al. Solid organ transplants following hematopoietic stem cell transplant in children. Pediatr Transplant. 2010 Dec;14(8):1030-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2010.01401.x. Epub 2010 Sep 15. Cited in PubMed; PMID 20846242.

Leyva-Vega M, Gerfen J, Thiel BD, Jurkiewicz D, Rand EB, Pawlowska J, et al. Genomic alterations in biliary atresia suggest region of potential disease susceptibility in 2q37.3. Am J Med Genet A. 2010 Apr;152A(4):886-95. Cited in PubMed; PMID 20358598.

Kaye AJ, Rand EB, Munoz PS, Spinner NB, Flake AW, Kamath BM. Effect of Kasai procedure on hepatic outcome in Alagille syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010 Jun 30. Cited in PubMed; PMID 20601899.

2009

Rand EB, Karpen S, Kelly S, Mack C, Houck W, Malatack J, Romero R, Sundaram SS, Sokol R, and Whitington PF.  Treatment of neonatal hemochromatosis with exchange transfusion and intravenous immunoglobulin.   J Pediatr. 2009 Oct;155(4):566-71.

2008

Diaz R, Kim JW, Hui JJ, Li Z, Swain DP, Fong KS, Csiszar K, Russo PA, Rand EB, Furth EE, Wells RG.  Evidence for the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in biliary atresia fibrosis.  Hum Pathol, 2008 39(1):102-115. 

Diaz R, Kelly JA, Ruchelli E, Rand EB, Mamula P.  A 10-year-old girl with mild elevation of liver transaminases.  Medscape J Med, 2008 5;10(2):28.

2006

Mattei P, von Allmen D, Piccoli D, Rand E.  Relief of intractable pruritis in Alagille syndrome by partial external biliary diversion.  J Ped Surg 2006 41:104-107.

Khan S, Erlichman J, Rand EB.  Live virus immunization following pediatric liver transplantation.  Pediatric Transplantation, 2006 10:78-82.

Rand EB, Bunin NB, Cochran W, Ruchelli E, Olthoff KM.  Sequential liver and bone marrow transplantation for treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria.  Pediatrics, 2006 118(6):e1896-e1899.

2005

McGuire BM, Bonkovsky HL, Carithers RL, Chung RT, Goldstein LI, Lake JR, Lok AS, Potter CJ, Rand EB, Voight MD, Davis PR and Bloomer JR.  Liver transplantation for erythropoietic protoporphyria liver disease.  Liver Transpl. 2005 Dec;11(12):1590-1596.

2004

Abt PL, Rapaport-Kelz R, Desai NM, Frank A, Sonnad S, Rand E, Markmann JF, Shaked A, Olthoff KM. Survival among pediatric liver transplant recipients: impact of segmental grafts.  Liver Transpl. 2004 Oct;10(10):1287-93. 

2003

Rand EB, Olthoff KM. Overview of Pediatric Liver Transplantation.  Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2003 Sep;32(3):913-29

2002

Perlmutter DH. Lopez MJ. Martin M. Rand E. Research agenda for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition: molecular basis of gastrointestinal diseases. Report of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition for the Children's Digestive Health and Nutrition Foundation. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition. 35 Suppl 3:S237-41, 2002.

Matthews RT, Russo P, Berry GT, Piccoli DA, Rand EB.  Biliary atresia associated with a fatty acid oxidation defect.  JPGN; 35(5):624-628, 2002.

2001

Krasinskas AM, Ruchelli ED, Rand EB, Chittams JL, Furth EE.  Central venulitis in pediatric liver allografts.  Hepatology; 33:1141-1147, 2001.

Singer AL, Olthoff KM, Kim H, Rand EB, Zamir G, Shaked A.  The role of plasmapheresis in the management of acute hepatic failure in children.  Annals of Surgery 234(3):418-421, 2001.

1999

Emerick KM, Rand EB, Goldmuntz E, Krantz ID, Spinner NB, Piccoli DA.  Features of Alagille Syndrome in 92 patients:  frequency and relation to prognosis.  Hepatology; 29:822-829, 1999.

Xue Y, Gao X, Lindsell CE, Chang B, Hicks C, Gendron-Maguire M, Davison MT, Rand EB, Weinmaster G, Gridley T.  Vascular defects in mice lacking the Notch ligand Jagged1. Human Molecular Genetics; 8:723-730, 1999.

Marcucci L, Shaked A, Maller ES, Rand EB, Hahn ES, Higuchi NH, Barker CF, Olthoff KM.  Supraceliac aortic pseudoaneurysms following liver transplantation in infants. Transplantation, 1999.

Louis A, Van Eyken P, Haber BA, Hicks C, Weinmaster G, Taub R, Rand EB.  Hepatic Jagged1 expression studies.  Hepatology; 30:1269-1275, 1999.

Zamir GA. Olthoff KM. Nunes FA. Markmann JF. Zeldin GA. Stewart CA. Weinreib RM. Rand EB. Maller ES. Lucey MR. Shaked A. Liver transplantation at the University of Pennsylvania and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.  Clinical Transplants 223-9, 1999.

1998

Rand EB.  The genetic basis of Alagille syndrome (selected summary).  J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr; 26(2):234-236, 1998.

Allen KJ, Rand EB, Hart J, Whitington PF.  Prognostic implications of centrilobular necrosis in pediatric liver transplant recipients.  Transplantation; 65:692-698, 1998.

Krantz ID, Colliton RP, Genin A, Rand EB, Li L, Piccoli DA, Spinner NB.  Spectrum and frequency of Jagged1 (Jag1) mutations in Alagille syndrome patients and their families.  Am J Hum Genet; 62:1361-1369, 1998.

1997

Krantz ID, Rand EB, Genin A, Hunt P, Jones M, Louis AA, Graham Jm, Bhatt S, Piccoli DA, Spinner NB.  Deletions of 20p12 in Alagille Syndrome:  Frequency and Molecular Characterization.  Am. J. Med. Genet. 70:80-86, 1997.

Li L, Krantz ID, Deng Y, Genin A, Banta AB, Collins CC, Qi M, Trask GJ, Kuo WL, Cochran J, Costa T, Pierpont MEM, Rand EB, Piccoli DA, Hood L, Spinner NB.  Alagille syndrome is caused by mutations in Jagged1, a ligand for Notch1.  Nature Genetics, 16(3):243-251,1997.

1996

Wasserman D, Hoekstra JH, Tolia V, Taylor CJ, Kirschnr BS, Takeda J, Bell GI, Taub R, Rand EB. Molecular analysis of the fructose transporter gene (GLUT5) in isolated fructose malabsorption.  J. Clin. Invest. 98:2398-2402, 1996.

1995

Rand EB, Spinner NB, Piccoli DA, Whitington PF, and Taub R. Molecular Analysis of 24 Alagille syndrome families identifies a single submicroscopic deletion and further localizes the Alagille region  within 20/12.  Am J Hum Genet. 57:1068-1073, 1995.

1994

Spinner NB, Rand EB, Fortina P, Genin A, Taub R, Semeraro A, and Piccoli D.  Cytologically balanced t(2;20) in a two generation family with Alagille syndrome:  cytogenetic and molecular studies.  Am J Hum Genet. 55:238-243, 1994.

1993

Rand EB, DePaoli A, Davidson N, Bell GI and Burant C.  Isolation and characterization of the rat fructose transporter.  Am J Physiol.264(6 Pt 1):G1169-G1176, 1993.

Rand EB, McCarthy C and Whitington PF.  Measles vaccination following orthotopic liver transplantation.  J Pediatr. 123(1):87-89,1993.

Gonzalez-Vallina R, Alonso EM, Rand EB, Black DD and Whitington PF.  Outpatient percutaneous liver biopsy in children.  J Pediatr Gastoenterol Nutr. 17:370-375, 1993.

1992

Rand EB and Whitington PF  Successful orthotopic liver transplantation in two patients with sclerosing cholangitis in the setting of Histiocytosis X. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 15(2):202-207, 1992.

Rand EB and Whitington PF  Neonatal hemochromatosis:  Report of successful orthotopic liver transplantation.  J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 15(3):325-329, 1992.

1988

Bernstein EF (now Rand, EB) and Whitington PF  Successful treatment of atypical sprue in an infant with cyclosporine.  Gastroenterology 95:199-204, 1988.

2023

Rand EB. Fontan Liver disease for the cardiologist. Bronx, NY, NY State AHA (at Montefiore). Mar 2023.

2022

Rand EB. Fontan Liver disease. AASLD post grad course, Washington DC. Nov 2022.

Rand EB. "Fontan liver disease for the cardiology practitioner" CHOP Cardiology conference. Aug 2022.

2021

Rand EB. "Liver Heart Connection" NASPGHAN annual meeting 2021 Nashville. Nov 2021.

Rand EB. CHOP outreach virtual talk:  "the gamut of liver disease in the NICU". Apr 2021.

2018

Hsu E, Rand EB. Liver Transplant in Alagille syndrome.  In: Alagille syndrome.  Kamath and Loomes Eds.  2018.

2016

Kriegermeier A, Rand EB. Systemic diseases affecting the liver. In: Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, 2nd Edition. Sundaram and Bass Eds. CCGMP Pubs, 2016

2013

Ruchelli, E., Wen, J., Rand, E. : Hepatitis and liver failure in infancy and childhood.  Pathology of Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 2nd e. Russo, P., Ruchelli, E., Piccoli, D. (eds.). Springer, 2013.

2010

Kamath BM, Muir A, Rand EB: Nutritional Considerations in Pediatric Liver Transplant. Nutrition, Diet Therapy and the Liver. Preedy, Lakshman, Srirajaskanthan, and Watson (eds.). Taylor and Francis Group/CRC Press Publishers, Page: 307-319, 2010.

2008

Ryan MJ, Rand E: Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Pediatric Gastroenterology: The requisites in pediatrics. Liacouras and Piccoli (eds.). Mosby Elsevier Publishing, Page: 285-299, 2008.

2007

Kamath BM and Rand EB: Evaluation of the liver transplant candidate. Pediatric Solid Organ Transplantation. Fine, Ebber, Olthoff, Kelly and Harmon (eds.). Blackwell Publishing, Page: 207-212, 2007.

2006

Emerick Organ Transplant 16(5): 499-504, October 2011.M, Chrisant MA and Rand EB: Transplant Emergencies. Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Fleisher, Ludwig & Henretig (eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Page: 1727-1736, 2006.

2002

Rand EB and Olthoff KA: Pediatric Liver Transplantation. Liver Transplantation. Michael Lucey (eds.). 2002.

2001

Rand EB: Biliary Atresia, Obstructive Jaundice. Fetal and Neonatal Secrets, Hanely & Belfus. Polin (eds.). June 2001.

1998

Rand EB: Percutaneous Liver Biopsy. Clinical Pediatric Gastroenterology. Altschuler & Liacouras (eds.). Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998.

Rand EB: Alagille Syndrome. Clinical Pediatric Gastroenterology. Altschuler & Liacouras (eds.). Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998.

1990

Rand EB: Gastroenterology. Nutrition. The Harriet Lane Handbook, (12th Edition). Greene M (eds.). Year Book Medical Publishers Inc., Chicago, Page: 47-50 and 337-348, 1990.