As more and more kids and teens get involved in playing recreational and organized sports, the number of overuse injuries seen among children and adolescents continues to rise. The majority of sports and overuse injuries are due to minor trauma involving soft tissue injuries, or injuries that affect the bone, muscles, ligaments, and/or tendons.
What are the most common types of overuse injuries?
Jumper’s knee (patellar tendonitis)
Symptoms: Tenderness right below the knee or the upper shin area
Possible cause: The patellar tendon in the knee joint is repeatedly pulled on, causing inflammation and pain, especially during jumping activities.
Little Leaguers’ elbow or shoulder
Symptoms: Pain in the elbow or shoulder area, especially after activity
Possible cause: Repetitive overhead throwing maneuvers that cause damage and inflammation to the growth plates of the bones in the arm (or as a result of a fracture)
Osteochondritis dissecans
Symptoms: Knee pain and swelling. This condition can also cause elbow pain similar to Little Leaguers' elbow
Possible cause: A piece of the cartilage in the knee joint that separates from the joint surface. Theories suggest that it may run in families or be caused by a metabolic problem.
Sever’s disease
Symptoms: Heel pain with limping, especially after running activities
Possible cause: Repetitive running or jumping activities causes the Achilles tendon to pull on the heel bone.
Shin splints
Symptoms: Pain and tenderness over the shin area
Possible cause: Excessive running, running on hard surfaces (concrete), and improper shoe wear often cause shin splints.
Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease
Symptoms: Knee pain, especially after jumping activities
Possible cause: Excessive running, running on hard surfaces (concrete), and improper shoe wear often cause shin splints.
Spondylolisthesis
Symptoms: Back pain
Possible cause: This condition is caused by excessive flexion and extension of the low back. X-rays show that a part of 1 vertebra in the low back slips forward on the vertebrae below it. It is commonly seen in football linemen, gymnasts, and ice skaters.
Spondylolysis
Symptoms: Back pain
Possible cause: This condition is caused by excessive flexion and extension of the lower back. It is commonly seen in football linemen, gymnasts, and ice skaters. A stress fracture of 1 of the vertebrae is seen on X-ray.
Overuse injuries can also lead to stress fractures. Stress fractures are weak spots or small cracks in the bone caused by continuous overuse. Stress fractures often occur in the foot after training for basketball, running, and other sports. There usually is no swelling, but pain and tenderness often increase during movement.
Treatment of an overuse injury
Specific treatment for an overuse injury will be determined by your child's doctor based on:
- Your child's age, overall health, and medical history
- Extent of the condition
- Type of condition
- Your child's tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies
- Expectations for the course of the condition
- Your opinion or preference
The goal of treatment is to control the pain, promote healing, prevent complications, and restore normal use of the injured area.
Initial treatment for overuse injuries includes R.I.C.E. (rest, ice, compression, and elevation).
Be sure to consult your child's doctor if there is a prolonged, visible deformity of the affected area, or if severe pain prevents use of the arm, leg, wrist, ankle, or knee.
Other treatment options may include:
- Medications
- Activity restrictions
- Splint or cast
- Crutches or wheelchair
- Physical therapy (to stretch and strengthen the injured muscles, ligaments, and tendons)
- Surgery (especially if the injury is reoccurring, there is persistent pain, or if a muscle, tendon, or ligament is badly torn)
Long-term outlook for children with overuse injuries
Overuse injuries heal quite quickly in children. It is important that the child adhere to the activity restrictions and/or stretching and strengthening rehabilitation programs to prevent reinjury.
Most sports injuries are due to either traumatic injury or overuse of muscles or joints. Many sports injuries can be prevented with proper conditioning and training, wearing appropriate protective gear, and using proper equipment.
Why choose CHOP
We have more specially trained sports medicine physicians, orthopedic surgeons, physical therapists and athletic trainers than any other pediatric orthopedic facility in the region.
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