Kidney stones are one of the fastest growing health conditions among children, adolescents, and young adults. The rapid increase over a short period of time has resulted in a large number of pediatric patients who require surgery to remove kidney stones with very little information available to guide selection of treatment options. There are three alternative approaches to remove kidney stones:

• Ureteroscopy (an endoscopic outpatient procedure)
• Shockwave lithotripsy (a noninvasive outpatient procedure)
• Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (a minimally invasive surgery with a short hospital stay)

This study will compare stone clearance (a primary determinant of painful stone passage, Emergency Department visits, and surgical retreatment) and patients experiences after ureteroscopy, shockwave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy for patients 8 to 21 years of age. The findings from this study will provide information that helps pediatric patients and their caregivers make individualized decisions on selecting the most appropriate surgical treatment option.

This is a randomized controlled trial that tests whether a program designed to maintain a high fluid intake decreases kidney stone recurrence. Patients 12 years of age or older who have had a kidney stone in the last 3 years may be eligible.

We know very little about how the bladder to brain connections work in children. The most common thing we hear from children who are having urinary leakage is "I was not aware my bladder was full." Is this full bladder message getting lost? In this study we will measure brain wave activity non invasively after you have drank some Gatorade to get a full bladder and after you have voided. The total time needed for this study will be about 3 to 4 hours.