Kidney stones are one of the fastest growing health conditions among children, adolescents, and young adults. The rapid increase over a short period of time has resulted in a large number of pediatric patients who require surgery to remove kidney stones with very little information available to guide selection of treatment options. There are three alternative approaches to remove kidney stones:

• Ureteroscopy (an endoscopic outpatient procedure)
• Shockwave lithotripsy (a noninvasive outpatient procedure)
• Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (a minimally invasive surgery with a short hospital stay)

Urinary stone disease (USD) is a common, chronic disorder that is seen more frequently in adolescence today than in the past. Current understanding of its impact on bone development and structure as well as dental health is not known. We will be evaluating bone and dental quality in 90 children/adolescents with USD and 90 healthy children/adolescents. The study requires: two to three visits for a total of three to four hours, that the participant be 5-21 years old, and compensation will be provided. If interested in participating contact the research coordinator at 267-226-6995.